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家政知識分享

如何照顧不能自理的老人

家政知識分享發布時間：2025-09-08 17:48:54

照顾不能自理的老人是一项需要耐心、细心与科学方法的工作，不仅要保障老人的基本生活需求，还要关注其身体健康与心理状态。以下从三个核心维度分享实用照顾方法：?

一、做好基礎生活照料，保障日常舒適?

基础生活照料是照顾工作的核心，重点围绕 “吃、洁、动” 三个环节：?

科学饮食护理：根据老人咀嚼、吞咽能力准备食物，如将蔬菜切碎、肉类制成肉末，避免过硬或过黏的食物引发呛咳；定时定量喂食，每次喂食时让老人保持半坐或坐立姿势，喂食速度放缓，每口食物量不宜过多，喂完后轻拍老人背部防止噎食；若老人需通过胃管进食，需严格遵循无菌操作，确保食物温度在 38-40℃之间，每次喂食前后用温水冲洗胃管。?

清洁护理防感染：每日早晚帮老人清洁口腔，使用温水或淡盐水漱口，若老人无牙可使用口腔护理棉擦拭牙龈；定期为老人擦身或洗澡，洗澡时水温控制在 37-40℃，避免长时间浸泡，洗完后及时擦干身体，尤其是褶皱部位（如腋窝、腹股沟），涂抹润肤露保持皮肤滋润；若老人长期卧床，需每 2 小时帮其翻身一次，翻身时轻抬身体避免拖拽，翻身后用软枕垫在老人背部、腿部，保持舒适姿势，同时检查皮肤是否有红肿、破损，预防褥疮。?

安全行動協助：若老人需下床活動，需使用助行器或輪椅，協助時雙手扶住老人腰部或手臂，緩慢移動，避免突然用力；幫老人翻身、轉移時，可借助轉移墊或床單，減少身體摩擦，保護老人關節；房間內保持地面幹燥，避免放置障礙物，在床邊安裝扶手，方便老人起身或扶握。?

二、加強健康監測，及時應對突發狀況?

不能自理的老人身體機能較弱，需密切關注健康變化，做好監測與護理：?

日常指标监测：每天固定时间为老人测量体温、血压、血糖（若老人有糖尿病），并记录数据，若发现体温超过 37.3℃、血压波动较大（如收缩压超过 160mmHg 或低于 90mmHg）、血糖异常（空腹血糖超过 7.0mmol/L 或低于 3.9mmol/L），需及时联系医生；同时观察老人排便、排尿情况，记录排便次数、粪便性状（如是否干结、稀溏），若老人出现便秘，可通过调整饮食（增加膳食纤维摄入）、腹部按摩（顺时针轻揉腹部）缓解，若超过 3 天未排便需遵医嘱使用开塞露；观察尿液颜色、尿量，若尿液呈浓茶色、尿量明显减少，需警惕肾脏问题或脱水，及时补充水分。?

用藥管理要精准：整理老人的常用藥物，按服用時間（如飯前、飯後、睡前）分類擺放，制作用藥時間表，每次服藥時核對藥名、劑量、用法，確保不錯服、漏服；喂藥時用溫水送服，避免用茶水、牛奶送藥，防止影響藥效；服藥後觀察老人是否有不良反應，如出現惡心、嘔吐、皮疹等，需立即停藥並聯系醫生；定期整理藥品，及時清理過期藥物，補充即將用完的藥品。?

突發狀況應對：若老人出現呼吸困難、意識模糊、抽搐等緊急情況，需立即撥打急救電話，同時采取應急措施，如老人呼吸困難時幫其調整爲半坐姿勢，清理口腔異物，保持呼吸道通暢；若老人發生跌倒，不要急于將其扶起，先觀察老人意識、肢體活動情況，若懷疑骨折，需保持老人身體固定，等待醫護人員處理，避免隨意移動加重損傷。?

三、關注心理需求，給予情感支持?

不能自理的老人易産生孤獨、自卑、焦慮等負面情緒，心理關懷同樣重要：?

多陪伴多沟通：每天抽出固定时间与老人交流，用温和的语气聊老人感兴趣的话题，如过去的生活经历、家人的近况，倾听老人的想法与需求，即使老人語言表达困难，也可通过肢体語言（如握手、抚摸额头）传递关心；避免在老人面前抱怨照顾压力，保持积极乐观的态度，让老人感受到被重视、被关爱。?

营造熟悉舒适环境：在老人房间摆放其熟悉的物品，如老照片、常用的衣物、喜爱的摆件，让老人感受到家的温暖；根据老人的习惯调整房间光线、温度，如老人怕光可拉上窗帘，怕冷可适当提高室温（保持在 22-24℃）；播放老人喜欢的音乐、戏曲，或读报纸、书籍给老人听，丰富老人的精神生活。?

鼓勵參與力所能及的活動：根據老人的身體狀況，鼓勵其做一些簡單的動作，如自己握勺吃飯（若能力允許）、擡手、屈伸腿部，或參與手工制作（如串珠子），幫助老人保持身體機能，增強自信心；若有家人、朋友來訪，鼓勵老人與訪客交流，減少孤獨感。?

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"Observing the positions of the sun and moon, and of certain stars with relation to each other. That is done with the quadrant and sextant; and then they use a chronometer, or clock, that tells exactly what the time is at Greenwich. Then, you see, this book is full of figures that look like multiplication-tables; and with these figures they 'work out their position;' that is, they find out where they are. Greenwich is near London, and all the tables are calculated from there." "You mean those little things the Japanese sleep on?" "What's that?" shouted Arthur, backing away. "What's that you said?" "I am probably the only man in the world who can help you," Lawrence replied. "To a certain extent I seem to have got you into this mess, and I must get you out of it. My dear young people, I am going to astonish you presently. Now, all I know up to now is that these notes have been traced to Bruce, and that, by a dreadful coincidence, he actually was one of the last people to see the murdered man before the tragedy. His little part Bruce has already told me, but I purposely asked no details. He has not yet informed me how the notes really reached his pocket, because the assumption that he stole them is ridiculous." Bruce plunged into his story. He had a most interested listener. The small grey eyes of the listener were fixed intently on the narrator's face. The black cigar died out between his fingers. "August 22nd, 1914. not very exciting, but socially irreproachable. He is connected We are now in a position to understand the full force of Descartes’ Cogito ergo sum. It expresses the substantiality of self-conscious Form, the equal claim of thought with extension to be recognised as an element of the universe. This recognition of self-consciousness as the surest reality was, indeed, far from being new. The Greek Sceptics had never gone to the length of doubting their own personal existence. On the contrary, they professed a sort of subjective idealism. Refusing to go beyond their own consciousness, they found in its undisturbed self-possession the only absolute satisfaction that life could afford. But knowledge and reality had become so intimately associated with something independent of mind, and mind itself with a mere reflection of reality, that the denial of an external world393 seemed to the vulgar a denial of existence itself. And although Aristotle had found the highest, if not the sole absolute actuality in self-thinking thought, he projected it to such a distance from human personality that its bearing on the sceptical controversy had passed unperceived. Descartes began his demonstration at the point where all the ancient systems had converged, but failed to discover in what direction the conditions of the problem required that they should be prolonged. No mistake can be greater than to regard him as the precursor of German philosophy. The latter originated quite independently of his teaching, though not perhaps of his example, in the combination of a much profounder scepticism with a much wider knowledge of dogmatic metaphysics. His method is the very reverse of true idealism. The Cogito ergo sum is not a taking up of existence into thought, but rather a conversion of thought into one particular type of existence. Now, as we have seen, all other existence was conceived as extension, and however carefully thought might be distinguished from this as absolutely indivisible, it was speedily reduced to the same general pattern of inclusion, limitation, and expansion. Whereas Kant, Fichte, and Hegel afterwards dwelt on the form of thought, Descartes attended only to its content, or to that in which it was contained. In other words, he began by considering not how he thought but what he thought and whence it came—his ideas and their supposed derivation from a higher sphere. Take, for example, his two great methods for proving the existence of God. We have in our minds the idea of a perfect being—at least Descartes professed to have such an idea in his mind,—and we, as imperfect beings, could not have originated it for ourselves. It must, therefore, have been placed there by a perfect being acting on us from without. It is here taken for granted that the mechanical equivalence between material effects and their causes must obtain in a world where spatial relations, and therefore measurement, are presumably394 unknown. And, secondly, existence, as a perfection, is involved in the idea of a perfect being; therefore such a being can only be conceived as existing. Here there seems to be a confused notion that because the properties of a geometrical figure can be deduced from its definition, therefore the existence of something more than a simple idea can be deduced from the definition of that idea itself. But besides the mathematical influence, there was evidently a Platonic influence at work; and one is reminded of Plato’s argument that the soul cannot die because it participates in the idea of life. Such fallacies were impossible so long as Aristotle’s logic continued to be carefully studied, and they gradually disappeared with its revival. Meanwhile the cat was away, and the mice used their opportunity. France and England being already agreed, independently of the consent of the rest of the Allies, the conference began on a basis which was sure to lead to immediate confusion and contention. The Dutch plenipotentiaries were astonished to see the different tone displayed by the French ambassadors. They were no longer the humble personages that they had been at Gertruydenberg. The Abbé Polignac, who was the chief speaker, assumed a high and confident manner. The French envoys, therefore, when the Dutch deputies demanded that the treaty should be carried out on the basis of the terms offered at Gertruydenberg, told them plainly that matters were now quite altered, and that the conditions offered at Gertruydenberg could not be entertained by France at all, but those to which the Queen of England had agreed in London; that unless the Dutch were willing to treat on these conditions, they would find their allies concluding peace without them, and that on the spot. The chief article to which the Allies objected was the concession of Spain to Philip; and they were the more resolute because it had become imminently necessary from changes that had now taken place in France. The Dauphin had died of the smallpox during the last year. The title had been conferred on his son, the Duke of Burgundy; but the Duke of Burgundy had just expired, too, in the sixth year of his age; and of the Dauphin's children there only now remained the Duke of Anjou, a sickly child of two years old. This child was the only remaining obstacle to Philip, the King of Spain, mounting the throne of France. The danger was so obvious of the union of France and Spain in a very few years—to prevent which had been the object of the war—that the English Government was compelled to demand from Philip a distinct renunciation of all claims on the French Crown, and from France as distinct a one in the treaty that any such claim should be resisted. St. John entered into a correspondence with De Torcy, the French minister, on this point; and the answers of De Torcy must have shown the English Government how useless it was to attempt to bind Frenchmen on such matters. 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That was, if Philip did not like to renounce the Crown of France, he should at once quit the throne of Spain, and agree that the Duke of Savoy should take it and the Indies, surrendering his own territories to Philip, to which should be added Naples, Sicily, Montserrat, and Mantua, all of which, whenever Philip succeeded to the French Crown, should be annexed to France, with the exception of Sicily, which should be made over to Austria. Louis XIV. professed to be delighted with this arrangement, but Philip would not listen to it, showing plainly that he meant, notwithstanding any renunciation, to retain his claim to both France and Spain. When the resolutions of the Committee were reported two days afterwards, the debate was renewed with all its vehemence, and Pulteney unveiled another view of the case, which had much real truth and warning in it. 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